BUEB Students' page

Entrepreneurship Management and Digital Business specialisations  

Organisational and Human Resource Management  

1. Present the primary and secondary characteristics of organizations. Evaluate organizational forms through their characteristics. Present the advantages and disadvantages of applying different organizational forms relative to each other.  
2. Present the functions and sub-functions of management. Classify and interpret managerial roles. Present the relationship between managerial skills and management levels. Explain the differences between a manager and a leader.  

Operations Management  

1. Present the concept of corporate value-creating processes and describe their content. Explain the role of the customer in value creation and define customer value and its categories. Present the elements of the value chain model, its analytical methods, and how the results can support strategic decision-making. Characterize the supply chain approach and explain its relationship to the value chain model.  
2. Present in detail the modern methods of production organization. Describe the organization of workplaces and work environments, as well as methods that support production efficiency. Present the tools for developing the production process, and describe production systems, their approaches, and perspectives.  
3. Present the procurement organization, as well as the concepts and characteristics of direct and indirect procurement. Explain decision types within procurement policy and the main types of supplier relationship management. Present the advantages, disadvantages, and conditions of applying supplier evaluation procedures. Present the main structural decisions related to distribution networks and explain direct and indirect sales channels.  

Entrepreneurship  

1. Present the role and significance of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the economy (in Hungary and the European Union). Define the concepts of startup, spin-off, innovation-driven enterprise, and social enterprise. Present in detail the characteristics of social enterprises and provide domestic best practices. Present the differences and similarities between classical and startup business life-cycle models. Describe the funding opportunities for start-ups throughout the business life cycle. Provide examples of good practices in the Hungarian entrepreneurial ecosystem that support and assist new enterprises.  
2. Explain the difference between a business model and a strategy for small enterprises. Present the types of business models studied and the methodologies of business modelling. Describe in detail the structure of the Business Model Canvas (BMC). Present the following business model archetypes: multi-sided business model, long-tail model, multi-participant (platform) models, freemium business model, open business models. Present the criteria, analytical methods, and testing techniques used to assess the viability of a business idea.  
3. Define family businesses and describe the difficulties in defining them. Considering this, present the role and importance of family businesses in the economy. Identify the main differences between family and non-family businesses. Define the concepts of succession, professionalization, and internationalization in the operation of family businesses. Interpret the specific goals and resources of family businesses related to their operations. With Hungarian examples, present the issues of succession, generational transition, and succession planning in family businesses.  

Service Management and Marketing  

1. Present the development of services, define the concept of services and their characteristics. Explain the role of the service sector in the national economy. Provide criteria and use them to compare services and physical products. Classify services. Interpret the concept of the extended service offering and the moment of truth. Define service management and present the different management principles. Discuss service quality, particularly the GAP model.  
2. Present the concepts and dimensions of McDonaldization and Disneyization. Explain the concept of internal marketing and define internal customer and organizational culture. Interpret the vicious circles in services – the cycle of failure and the cycle of mediocrity. Present the specific characteristics and marketing aspects of services (HIPI principle). Describe in detail the service marketing mix (7Ps) and demonstrate the practical usefulness of a CRM system through an example from the daily operation of a real or fictitious company.  

1. Market and Market Analysis  

Define the concept of the market and explain the importance of market analysis. Describe the essence and application areas of analytical procedures and models (STEEPLE analysis, SWOT analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, Ansoff Matrix). Explain how market analysis forms the foundation for corporate strategic planning. Present the Business Model Canvas.  

2. Procurement, Inventory, and Sales Management  

Present the main elements of procurement, inventory, and sales management, and the interconnections among them. Focus particularly on the tasks of procurement, supplier selection, inventory management and replenishment, as well as the planning, organization, and controlling aspects of sales. Explain the concept of the “bullwhip effect.”  

3. Supply Chain Management and Coopetition  

Define supply chain management and its key areas. Explain the concept of coopetition and the challenges of competition and cooperation. Emphasize the importance of strategic partnerships, make-or-buy decisions, and the issues of outsourcing and insourcing in terms of corporate management (profitability and liquidity), logistics performance, and corporate image.  

4. Efficiency and Profitability of Trade  

Present the key issues related to the efficiency and profitability of commercial operations:  
Turnover-based and capital-based profitability questions, capital requirements  
Relationship between company-, product-, and product-group-level margin indicators  
Relationships among margin amount, margin rate, commercial costs, and profitability indicators  
Contribution margin calculation, value, price, and volume index calculations and their interrelations  

5. Consumer and Buyer Behavior  

Present the theoretical foundations of consumer and buyer behavior and their conceptual connections. Describe the system of external and internal factors influencing consumer decisions. Review buyer decision-making models (e.g., customer journey models). Explain why understanding consumer behavior is important from a marketing perspective and how it connects to marketing strategy development.  

6. Market Research  

Explain the purpose and main methods of market research. Discuss primary and secondary research methods and quantitative and qualitative techniques. Address the relationship between data, information, and knowledge, as well as the effects of “big data” and AI on market research.  

 7. Product and Service Marketing  

Define the concepts of product and service in marketing and compare the similarities and differences between the trade concept of goods and the marketing concept of products. Present the process of product development and the relationship between product and customer value. Analyze the connections between products and services and define the term “service product.” Explain the essence of product portfolio analysis using the BCG Matrix and the product life cycle model, including their marketing implications.  

8. Pricing in Marketing and trade  

Define the concept of price in marketing. Present the role of pricing and its connection to product, distribution, and communication policies. Explain pricing principles (cost-based, competitor-based, customer-based, goal-oriented) and the strategic and tactical aspects of pricing. Present the process of pricing in commerce and the role of margins. Discuss new challenges in pricing such as dynamic pricing, mass personalization, and information asymmetry between buyers and sellers.  

9. Sales Models and Distribution Channels  

Present various sales models in commerce (traditional, self-selection, self-service, sample-based). Describe the characteristics of different sales channels: classical, artificial, demi-wholesale, and direct routes. Discuss modern distribution models: single-, multi-, cross-, and omnichannel sales. Highlight the importance of store location selection today and the relationship between in-store and online sales. Address mobile-based, AR- and VR-based sales solutions, and issues related to live and social media-based sales.  

10. Sales Promotion and Marketing Communication  

Present the fundamental questions of sales promotion and marketing communication. Describe the marketing communication mix and its elements (Advertising, PR, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling). Explain the principle of Integrated Marketing Communication and the ATL, BTL, and TTL models. Discuss advertising communication effect models (AIDA, DAGMAR, Rogers), the PESO model, and issues of communication regulation and ethics. Present current challenges related to social media communication, consumer-generated media (CGM), and influencers.  

1. Communication Theory 

Explain the major theoretical approaches to interpersonal communication (symbolic interactionism, expectation violations theory, interpersonal deception). Illustrate these with practical examples. (Griffin, Em, Andrew Ledbetter & Glenn Sparks: A first look at communication theory, pp. 56–70. McGraw Hill, 2023)  

What are the main characteristics of group communication and why are they relevant to problem-solving and decision-making processes? Explain social influence and conformity. (Dainton, Marianne & Elaine D. Zelley: Applying Communication Theory for Professional Life: A Practical Introduction, pp. 141–156. Sage, 2023).  

Describe the characteristics of verbal and non-verbal communication. List some concrete examples in the field of business communication. (DeVito, Joseph A.: The Interpersonal Communication Book, pp. 129–158. Pearson Education, 2016, https://slims.bakrie.ac.id/repository/f7d4f28f39e8b9d8cb794f6c4eb9cb0f.pdf)  

2. Media theory 

Describe the history of media effects research and reception studies from Bullet Theory to the Encoding/Decoding Model. (Street, John: Mass Media, Politics and Democracy, pp. 80–99. Palgrave, 2001)  

Describe the communication-as-transmission and the communication-as-ritual models of the mass media. Assess moral panics and media scandals as media rituals. (Carey, James W.: Communication as Culture, pp. 13–68. Routledge, 1992)  

What makes an event newsworthy? What are the main criteria for newsworthiness? (McNair, Brian: The Sociology of Journalism, pp. 61–81. Arnold, 1998)  

3. Digital Communication  

How do technological determinists and social constructivists describe the relationship between communication technology and society? How do net optimists and net pessimists see the societal effects of computerisation and digitalisation? (Kovarik, Bill: Revolutions in Communication. Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age, pp. 1–11. & 267–270. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc., 2011)  

Describe the major milestones of the history of the internet. What is the difference between the web 1.0 and the web 2.0? (Kovarik, Bill: Revolutions in Communication. Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age, pp. 271–273. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc., 2011)  

How would you describe the main features of the informational, or network, society? What were the three main reasons behind the rise of the network society? (Castells, Manuel: The Rise of the Network Society, pp. 93–152. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, second ed., online ed.)  

4. Corporate Communication  

Describe the concept of crisis communication (importance, function, purpose, actors, messages, etc.). Present a crisis plan: what is it for, what are its key elements, how and when can it be used? (Fearn-Banks, Kathleen: Crisis Communications: A Casebook Approach, pp. 15–21 & 56–75. Routledge, 2017)  

Describe and analyse the main elements of a PR campaign. What is the role of research and evaluation in campaign planning? What are the main PR tools and methods? Analyse some recent PR campaigns in your home country. (Tench, Ralph & Stephen Waddington: Exploring Public Relations and Management Communication, pp. 175–232. Pearson, 2021).  

What is corporate identity and what are its main types? What are reputation management and corporate branding? Why does reputation matter? (Tench, Ralph & Stephen Waddington: Exploring Public Relations and Management Communication, pp. 244–258. Pearson, 2021)  

5. Intercultural Communication  

What is culture, and how do you define the term? (Neuliep, James W.: Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, pp. 8–22. Sage, 2020)  

List some cultural differences in non-verbal communication. What is a culture shock and what are its stages? (Neuliep, James W.: Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, pp. 250–286 & 413–420. Sage, 2020)  

How does a multi-cultural environment influence employees? What are the most important aspects for the management to consider in a multi-cultural organisation? (Schmidt, Walace V., Roger N. Conaway, Susan S. Easton, Willaim J. Wardrope: Communicating Globally. Intercultural Communication and International Business, pp. 41–61. Sage, 2000)  

6. Communication Ethics and Law 

What is ethics? What are the main objectives and mechanisms of journalistic self-regulation? (Frost, Chris: Media Ethics and Self-Regulation, pp. 1–58. Longman, 2000)  

What are the recurring elements of most codes of journalism ethics? (Frost, Chris: Media Ethics and Self-Regulation, pp. 117–167. Longman, 2000)  

What are the regulatory dilemmas of the digital revolution and the limits of communication rights? (Oster, Jan: Media Freedom as a Fundamental Right, pp. 24–45, 102–105 & 145-189. Cambridge University Press, 2015)  

Financial Services specialisation  

1. Different types of banking: describe the operation of the financial intermediary system (funds flow from net savers to net borrowers). Explain the role of Financial Intermediaries and their money creation in the fractional reserving system. Institutional and operational background: enlist the licenses of financial services in universal banking. Differentiate between retail & wholesale banking, and investment banking. Describe the different business models in European banking. [BANK-RELATED FINANCIAL SERVICES]  
2. Explain the role of central banks and describe the types of policies they carry. The regulatory framework for banking risks: summarise the main elements of the Basel Capital Accords (including the Three-Pillar Architecture) and the internal capital adequacy assessment procedure, and the integrated process of risk assessment as well. Differentiate between credit risk, market risk and operational risk. [BANK-RELATED FINANCIAL SERVICES]  
3. What are the main risks associated with bonds? Are fixed-rate government securities truly risk-free? Explain the interest rate risk of bonds! How can the duration and modified duration of a bond be interpreted? What are convexity and basis point value measures? Which are the main bond portfolio management strategies? What is the difference between active and passive bond portfolio management? Describe immunization as a bond portfolio management strategy. [INVESTMENT ANALYSIS]  
4. What are the most popular types of mutual funds? What are ETFs? How can we choose between investment funds based on costs? Explain the following indicators used to compare investment funds: Sharpe ratio, alpha, beta, information ratio, Treynor ratio. What does ESG stand for and what are the main sustainable investment strategies used in asset management? [INVESTMENT ANALYSIS]  
5. Define financial derivatives. Describe forward agreements and interest rate swaps! Among derivatives, list and explain the different characteristic of options. Explain the difference between a call and a put option, with regard to their potential losses and gains. Which factors may affect the option premiums? Explain briefly how option contracts can be added together to construct trading strategies (e.g. straddle, strangle, bull or bear spread). [INVESTMENT ANALYSIS]  
6. Financial innovations, securitization and shadow banking: define their terms. How does the process of securitization work? Who are the main actors in a securitization process and what is their role? What are the main similarities and differences between the traditional and the shadow banking systems? Why were the securitization and the shadow banking important in the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–2009? [NON-BANK RELATED FINANCIAL SERVICES]  
7. About the financial crises: Why do financial crises occur and why are they so damaging to the economy. Describe the dynamics of financial crises: what characterise the different stages of a financial crisis? What is the role of assets price bubbles in the financial crises? Describe in brief a few cases of financial collapses and failures and identify the different stages during the description. [NON-BANK RELATED FINANCIAL SERVICES] 
8. What are the main benefits of Mutual Funds? What are the main types of mutual funds? What are the main differences between the hedge funds and the traditional mutual funds? Distinguish between adverse selection and moral hazard as they relate to the insurance industry. How do insurance companies protect themselves against losses due to adverse selection and moral hazard? [NON-BANK RELATED FINANCIAL SERVICES]  
9. Describe the wealth manager’s role in preserving and enhancing the private wealth. Differentiate between an investor’s portfolio and a managed portfolio. Which are most valuable wealth management services for HNWIs, among the recent challenges of FinTech and WealthTech? What kind of different investment strategies can be built up, alongside with the private individual’s stage of life? What does the concept of socially responsible and impact investing mean? [WEALTH AND TAX PLANNING]  
10. Explain the relevance and means of tax planning in case of private agents. Make a distinction between tax evasion and tax avoidance. Discuss how aggressive tax avoidance is used in relocating the taxpayers’ tax base to other jurisdictions, and its advantages to the private agent as well. Give example how to shield someone’s identity with an offshore account. [WEALTH AND TAX PLANNING]  

1. The World Economy and the System of International Trade  

Present the main processes of globalization, the trends of world trade, and the external trade relations of the EU and Hungary. Highlight national and international economic interrelations!  

2. International Transactions  

Explain the process of an international transaction. Describe the principal elements of international commercial contracts and outline the essential provisions of the INCOTERMS rules.  

3. International Logistics and Supply Chain Management  

Define the concepts of logistics and supply chain, and present the logistic main subsystems (procurement, production, distribution, reverse logistics).  

4. International Financial Management  

Describe the functioning and participants of the foreign-exchange market and explain the internal and external techniques used by companies for hedging exchange-rate and interest-rate risk.  

5. Hungary in the World Economy and International Trade  

Present Hungary’s foreign economic strategy within the changing global economic order, considering the structural characteristics of the domestic economy.  

6. Hungarian Capital Abroad and Foreign Direct Investment in Hungary (FDI)  

Define foreign direct investment (FDI), present its main categories, and analyse its possible effects on the host country.  

7. Quantitative Methods and Business Intelligence in International Business  

Discuss the application and significance of artificial intelligence in business operations. Explain the classifications of artificial intelligence and outline the steps of its implementation!  

8. The European Union: Institutions and Policies  

Present the EU’s institutional system and decision-making mechanisms and explain the essence of the common trade policy.  

Business Diplomacy specialisation 

1. Define the concept, functions, and instruments of economic diplomacy, and present its current organisational and institutional framework together with the roles of its key actors.  
2. Describe the main forums of foreign-policy decision-making and explain the role of diplomacy in these processes.  

Business Intelligence and Decisions specialisation 

1. Present the application and significance of artificial intelligence in business operations, outlining its main classifications and the steps involved in its implementation.  
2. Explain the concept of data quality and the place and role of data preparation, transformation, and cleansing in the decision-support process.  

International Business Development specialisation  

1. Identify the risks associated with international transactions and the available payment methods. Present the types and roles of insurance used in international trade.  
2. Provide an overview of the regulatory framework governing international commercial transactions and of the EU’s trade-policy instruments.  

Digital Supply Chain Management and Freight Forwarding and Logistic specialisations 

1. Present the role of carriers and freight forwarders in logistics processes, and describe the services and activities performed by freight-forwarding companies.  
2. Define the subject, parties, and responsibilities arising from carriage contracts. Explain the limits of carrier liability and assess how such liability limitations affect logistics processes.  

East Asian Business Studies specialisation 

1. The emerging Southeast Asian (ASEAN) region. Present the main economic integration mechanisms within ASEAN region. Identify the main opportunities and risks for investors in the ASEAN economies!  
2. Present the main economic and political factors shaping China–U.S. relations in the 21st century!  

1. The system and significance of tourism 

The role of tourism at international and national levels; factors and trends of tourism demand and supply; the relationship between tourism and the environment; sustainability.  

2. Tourism assets and regions of Hungary  

Natural and cultural attractions, World Heritage Sites, Hungarikums, protected areas, main characteristics of Hungarian tourism regions, and key tourism products.  

3. Organizational and institutional system of tourism 

The role of the public and private sectors, tourism policy, planning, development, regulation, and marketing.  

4. Hotel management and operations 

Organizational structure of hotels, operational forms, hotel types and specializations, and accommodation classification systems.  

5. Hotel market and business management 

Market trends, demand segmentation, competition analysis, revenue management, profit centers, cost structures, planning, and financial performance indicators.  

6. Tourism marketing 

Marketing mix, pricing strategies, distribution, communication, market segmentation, and consumer behavior.  

7. Hospitality and gastronomy 

Development of gastronomy, trends, international cuisines in Hungary, food and beverage pairing, menu planning, and quality hospitality services.  

8. Small and medium-sized enterprises in tourism and hospitality 

Importance of SMEs, financial support options, establishing a tourism enterprise, business planning, investment decisions, and crisis management.  

9. Future and innovations in tourism 

New trends, experience-centered approaches, the role of uniqueness, digital solutions, innovations, and sustainability efforts.  

Health, Sports and Ecotourism specialisation 

1. Main forms, characteristics, and interrelations of health, eco-, and sports tourism. Focus on the growing importance of health in tourism, and describe the key resources, supply elements, and Hungarian examples.  

Destination Management and Marketing specialisation 

1. Main principles of destination development, management, and marketing. Discuss partnerships, market introduction of tourism products, and the role of digital marketing and branding in competitiveness.  

Commercial Hospitality specialisation 

1. Professional, economic, and sustainability foundations of hospitality operations. Discuss factors influencing food and beverage offerings, pricing and planning, consumer behavior, and marketing, as well as healthy and sustainable practices.  

Travel and event management specialisation 

1. Main processes and financial aspects of travel and event organization. Discuss travel trends, digitalization, package design, and types and sustainability aspects of MICE and festival tourism.  

Catering and event management specialisation 

1. Professional foundations of event organization and catering. Discuss event types, catering planning and implementation, required resources, hygiene standards, and key trends and sustainability considerations.  

1. Globalization, Regionalization, and Global Economic Power Centers. How have the global economic power centers shifted from World War II to the present day? Is regionalization an alternative to globalization?  
2. Trade Policy and Protectionism. How might the protectionist tendencies that have advanced in world trade over the past decade affect the EU’s common trade policy? What characterizes foreign direct investment flows in the last ten years, and how might protectionist efforts influence these flows?  
3. International Capital Flows and the Role of Multinational Corporations. Describe the role of emerging multinational corporations in capital flows using an example of a company or companies from a country of your choice. Explain the financial risks faced by multinational corporations operating in the global economy and the alternative methods of managing these risks.  
4. Migration and Labor Mobility. How does labor mobility and migration affect the economies of host and sending countries in Europe?  
5. Global Value Chains (GVCs) and Supply Chains. How can participation in global value chains change the product composition of foreign trade in a relatively low-wage country? Define how the members of global supply chains contribute to their effective functioning.  
6. International Transactions and Financing. Classify and evaluate the risk factors that should be considered when preparing and executing international transactions. Assess the factors influencing financing decisions.  
7. Modes of Market Entry. Illustrate the choice of market entry mode with a concrete company example.  
8. Internationalization Strategies. Why might all three elements of the strategic tripod be relevant in an internationalization strategy? Outline the possible internationalization processes of companies, particularly in recent decades.  
9. Financial and Credit Crises. Describe the nature and consequences of financial and credit crises.
10. Macroeconomic Analysis and Statistical Indicators. Which statistical indicators would you use to analyze a country’s macroeconomic processes, and what reliable data sources would you employ?  

1. The main currents of International Relations Theories.   
2. The process of foreign policy decision-making, its actors and components.  
3. The basic categories of international security and its most important theories.  
4. The main characteristics of the World Order after 1991.  
5. The main changes in the tasks, functions and methods of diplomacy in the 21st century.  
6. Investment promotion, Inward FDI, goals, advantages and disadvantages.  
7. Export promotion: goals and tools.  
8. The most important challenges before European security architecture regarding institutional reforms.  
9. The main challenges before the European Union in the new Millennium.  
10. The main directions of Hungary’s external economic strategy in the light of the challenges of the 21st century.  

1. The Concept and Philosophy of Holistic Marketing.  

The evolution of marketing and changes in its definitions. Emerging perspectives on the marketing mix. The main areas of holistic marketing and their interrelations. The concepts of Marketing 5.0 and Marketing 6.0.  

2. Classical and Modern Methods of Marketing Research.  

Comparison of qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Modern approaches in marketing research. The development of research-supporting technologies. Related software platforms and data collection tools.  

3. Key Elements of Consumer and Buyer Behaviour.  

The decision-making process and influencing factors. Changes in consumer behaviour, generational theories, and new approaches. Target audience segmentation, persona creation, and hyper-personalisation. The role of customer experience and the customer journey in understanding and influencing buying behaviour.  

4. The Process and Main Elements of Marketing Planning  

The relationship between marketing planning and business planning. Characteristics of marketing planning in B2C and B2B contexts. Typical mistakes and how to avoid them. Anticipating future market trends and challenges.  

5. The Significance of Integrated Marketing Communication.  

The role of marketing communication within the marketing mix. The main elements of the marketing communication mix. Key characteristics and application principles of each element. The role of strategic planning, creative planning, and media planning frameworks.  

6. Strategic Application of Digital Marketing.  

The importance of digital marketing based on international and domestic data; its place within the communication and media mix. Types and strategic uses of digital tools. The role of data-driven decision-making in digital campaign planning. Performance marketing and brand marketing.  

7. Innovative Offline and Online Tools in Marketing Communication.  

Creative integration of traditional and digital channels. Experience-based and interactive solutions. Best methods, practices, and examples. The connection between innovative tools and the marketing communication mix.  

8. The Relationship Between Brand Strategy and Marketing Strategy.  

The role of branding in long-term business success and building consumer trust. The significance and best practices of positioning. Key elements of brand identity, including brand name, slogan, logo, and visual identity. Key considerations in international branding.  

1. Strategic Management in Tourism 

Concept, process and levels of strategic management; Vision–Mission–Goals; External and internal environment analysis; Strategic synthesis, corporate and functional strategies; Strategic decisions; Innovation and current trends.  

2. Tourism Systems and Global Trends 

Systemic approach to tourism; Experience economy and value creation; Changes in demand and consumer behavior; Challenges of destinations; Overtourism and climate change; Digitalization and AI in tourism; Special forms of tourism; Global megatrends; European and Hungarian tourism trends.  

3. Sustainable Development in Tourism 

Principles of sustainability; Circular economy; EU programs and initiatives; Environmental, social and economic impacts of tourism and their measurement; Tourism planning methodology; Innovation and product development; Customer journey planning; Destination planning and good practices.  

4. Tourism Marketing 

Fundamentals of tourism marketing; Marketing environment and research; Consumer behavior and decision-making; Market segmentation and positioning; Branding; Product development and pricing strategies; Distribution strategies; Communication and promotion strategies.  

5. Leadership and Organizational Behavior 

Leadership concepts and models; Leadership vs. management; Leadership styles and authenticity; Traits of effective leaders; Exemplary leadership; Ethical and responsible leadership; CSR and global leadership challenges.  

6. Innovation and Creative Methodologies in Tourism 

Theoretical foundations of creative projects; Conceptualization; Design communication and design thinking; Best practices in tourism, hospitality and hotel industries – Hungarian and international.  

7. Hotel and Hospitality Management 

Basics of hotel leadership and organizational structures; Globalization of the hotel market; Owners and operating models; Brand management; Revenue management; HRM and quality managementin international hotels; Financial statements and USALI; Sustainability in hotel operations.  

8. European Tourism and Cultural Heritage 

Physical geography of Europe; EU historical and socio-economic background; World and cultural heritage in Europe; Leading tourism countries and regions – Spain, France, Italy, Germany; Mediterranean, German-speaking, Northern, and Central/Eastern Europe; Hungary.